Samarkand

Lesson from Samarkand: “Union” or Multi-Vector Balancing in the Turkic World?

Samarkand has become the clearest illustration that the trajectory of Turkic cooperation is shaped less by cultural affinity than by the cost structure of external partnerships. On 4 April 2025, the European Union (hereinafter: EU) and the five Central Asian republics elevated relations to a strategic partnership and launched a 12€ billion Global Gateway investment...